Piper nigrum et album, Pepper, Black & White Piper nigrum, Black Pepper, Hu Jiao 胡椒 Marica (Ayurveda)Milaku (Siddha)Hu Jiao (TCM)Na le sham ན་ལེ་ཤམ (Tibetan)Filfil Siyah (Unani) Piper album, White Pepper, Bai Hu Jiao 白胡椒 Bai Hu Jiao (TCM)Filfil Safaid (Unani) Black Pepper, Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640 Piper nigrumKoehler, Medizinal Pflanzen, vol. 2: 1890 Green Piper fruits(Calcutta Unani College, Adam, 2019) Black and White Pepper (Adam, 2022) Botanical name: Piper spp.P. nigrum: Black & White Pepper; Parts used: Fruit; Black Pepper is the fruit collected before fully ripe; White is fully ripe, the pericarp being removed before drying. Temperature & Taste: Hot, dry. Pungent“Pepper is hot and dry up to the fourth degree … The White Pepper is weaker in warmth” (Avicenna) Classifications: 2C INCIDERS.  2H. CARMINATIVE3C. ALEXIPHARMIC.  3P. MASTICATORIES & STERNUTATORIES4e. STOMACHICTCM:M. Warm to Expel Cold Uses: 1. Warms the Stomach, Clears Damp, Promotes Digestion (TCM, West, Ayurveda, Tibetan):-abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.-Ayurveda uses Black Pepper for its anti-lipid activity, and for Obesity.-Hyperacidity-Black Pepper is important for clearing Ama in Ayurveda (toxic residue left from imperfect digestion; ‘Damp’ of TCM).2. Clears Cold, Warms the Kidneys (TCM, West, Ayurveda, Tibetan):-chronic Nephritis, Impotence-Neurasthenia and Amnesia3. Clears Cold Phlegm (TCM, West, Ayurveda, Tibetan):-cold phlegm…

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